在上一篇随笔中介绍了四种编程语言。这次再介绍四种编程语言：Fortran、Lua、Lisp 和 Logo。

Fortran 语言在2010年6月编程语言排行榜中排名第三十一位。下面就是 GregorianTest.for 程序我没有在 Fortran 语言的标准库中找到设置指定日期的函数只好从 1970-01-01 往回倒数 141,438 天得到 1582-10-04 。安装 GNU Fortran 编译器编译和运行benben-1520:~/work$sudo apt-get install gfortranbenben-1520:~/work$gfortran --versionGNU Fortran (Ubuntu 4.4.3-4ubuntu5) 4.4.3 Copyright (C) 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. GNU Fortran comes with NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. You may redistribute copies of GNU Fortran under the terms of the GNU General Public License. For more information about these matters, see the file named COPYING benben-1520:~/work$gfortran GregorianTest.forbenben-1520:~/work$./a.outMon Oct 4 08:05:52 1582 Tue Oct 5 08:05:52 1582benben-1520:~/work$运行结果和 C 语言一样。LuaLua 语言在2010年6月编程语言排行榜中排名第十七位。下面就是 GregorianTest.lua 程序安装 Lua 软件包。luac 是编译器用于将源程序编译为字节码默认的文件名是 luac.outluac –l 可以查看字节码。lua 可以作为交互窗口也可以解释执行 lua 源程序还可以用于运行编译后的字节码benben-1520:~/work$sudo apt-get install lua5.1benben-1520:~/work$luaLua 5.1.4 Copyright (C) 1994-2008 Lua.org, PUC-Rio print(math.pi)3.1415926535898 (^D)benben-1520:~/work$lua GregorianTest.luaMon 1582-10-04 Tue 1582-10-05benben-1520:~/work$luac GregorianTest.luabenben-1520:~/work$luac -lmain GregorianTest.lua:0,0 (24 instructions, 96 bytes at 0x17bf530) 0 params, 4 slots, 0 upvalues, 0 locals, 13 constants, 0 functions 1 [1] GETGLOBAL 0 -2 ; os 2 [1] GETTABLE 0 0 -3 ; time 3 [1] NEWTABLE 1 0 3 4 [1] SETTABLE 1 -4 -5 ; year 1582 5 [1] SETTABLE 1 -6 -7 ; month 10 6 [1] SETTABLE 1 -8 -9 ; day 4 7 [1] CALL 0 2 2 8 [1] SETGLOBAL 0 -1 ; dt 9 [2] GETGLOBAL 0 -10 ; print 10 [2] GETGLOBAL 1 -2 ; os 11 [2] GETTABLE 1 1 -11 ; date 12 [2] LOADK 2 -12 ; %a %F 13 [2] GETGLOBAL 3 -1 ; dt 14 [2] CALL 1 3 0 15 [2] CALL 0 0 1 16 [3] GETGLOBAL 0 -10 ; print 17 [3] GETGLOBAL 1 -2 ; os 18 [3] GETTABLE 1 1 -11 ; date 19 [3] LOADK 2 -12 ; %a %F 20 [3] GETGLOBAL 3 -1 ; dt 21 [3] ADD 3 3 -13 ; - 86400 22 [3] CALL 1 3 0 23 [3] CALL 0 0 1 24 [3] RETURN 0 1 benben-1520:~/work$lua luac.outMon 1582-10-04 Tue 1582-10-05benben-1520:~/work$运行结果和 C 语言一样。LispLisp 语言在2010年6月编程语言排行榜中排名第十六位。下面就是 GregorianTest.lisp 程序安装 GNU Common Lisp 软件包gcl 可以作为交互窗口也可编译源程序(使用 –compile 参数)还可以解释执行(使用 –f 参数)benben-1520:~/work$sudo apt-get install gclbenben-1520:~/work$gclGCL (GNU Common Lisp) 2.6.7 CLtL1 Feb 15 2010 17:57:54 Source License: LGPL(gcl,gmp), GPL(unexec,bfd,xgcl) Binary License: GPL due to GPLed components: (XGCL READLINE BFD UNEXEC) Modifications of this banner must retain notice of a compatible license Dedicated to the memory of W. Schelter Use (help) to get some basic information on how to use GCL. Temporary directory for compiler files set to /tmp/ (bye)benben-1520:~/work$gcl -f GregorianTest.lispMon 1583-01--88 seconds since 1900-01-01: -10011254400 Tue 1583-01--87 seconds since 1900-01-01: -10011168000benben-1520:~/work$运行结果基本和 C 语言一样但是有一个 bug认为 1582-10-04 是1583年1月的第 –88 天。这是一个很奇怪的 bug其它大部分日期是正常的如下所示benben-1520:~/work$gcl -f GregorianTest2.lispSun 2010-06-20 seconds since 1900-01-01: 3485980800 Mon 2010-06-21 seconds since 1900-01-01: 3486067200 benben-1520:~/work$gcl -f GregorianTest3.lispTue 1582-05-04 seconds since 1900-01-01: -10024473600 Wed 1582-05-05 seconds since 1900-01-01: -10024387200 benben-1520:~/work$此外还可以选择安装 GNU CLISP 软件包clisp 是符合 ANSI Common Lisp 标准的编译器、解释器和调试器benben-1520:~/work$sudo apt-get install clispbenben-1520:~/work$clispi i i i i i i ooooo o ooooooo ooooo ooooo I I I I I I I 8 8 8 8 8 o 8 8 I \ / I 8 8 8 8 8 8 \ -- / 8 8 8 ooooo 8oooo -__|__- 8 8 8 8 8 | 8 o 8 8 o 8 8 ------------ ooooo 8oooooo ooo8ooo ooooo 8 Welcome to GNU CLISP 2.44.1 (2008-02-23) Copyright (c) Bruno Haible, Michael Stoll 1992, 1993 Copyright (c) Bruno Haible, Marcus Daniels 1994-1997 Copyright (c) Bruno Haible, Pierpaolo Bernardi, Sam Steingold 1998 Copyright (c) Bruno Haible, Sam Steingold 1999-2000 Copyright (c) Sam Steingold, Bruno Haible 2001-2008 Type :h and hit Enter for context help. [1](bye)Bye. benben-1520:~/work$clisp GregorianTest2.lispSun 2010-06-20 seconds since 1900-01-01: 3485952000 Mon 2010-06-21 seconds since 1900-01-01: 3486038400 benben-1520:~/work$clisp GregorianTest.lisp*** - incorrect date: 1582-10-4 0:0:0, time zone NILbenben-1520:~/work$可以看出GNU CLISP 不支持 1900-01-01 以前的日期。Logo在2010年6月编程语言排行榜中排名第三十六位的 Logo 语言的原型来自 Lisp 语言内置一套海龟绘图系统很适合于儿童学习。下面是一个用海龟绘图的 mn_eck.logo 程序span stylebackground-color:alicebluespan stylecolor:#000000span stylecolor:#000000strong1: /strong/spanspan stylecolor:#0000ffto/span span stylecolor:#2b91afn_eck/span :ne :sz span stylecolor:#000000strong2: /strong/span span stylecolor:#0000ffrepeat/span :ne [span stylecolor:#0000ffrt/span 360 / :ne span stylecolor:#0000fffd/span :sz] span stylecolor:#000000strong3: /strong/spanspan stylecolor:#0000ffend/span span stylecolor:#000000strong4: /strong/span span stylecolor:#000000strong5: /strong/spanspan stylecolor:#0000ffto/span span stylecolor:#2b91afmn_eck/span :ne :sz span stylecolor:#000000strong6: /strong/span span stylecolor:#0000ffrepeat/span :ne [span stylecolor:#0000ffrt/span 360 / :ne span stylecolor:#2b91afn_eck/span :ne :sz] span stylecolor:#000000strong7: /strong/spanspan stylecolor:#0000ffend/span span stylecolor:#000000strong8: /strong/span span stylecolor:#000000strong9: /strong/spanspan stylecolor:#2b91afmn_eck/span 36 20/span/span安装 UC Berkeley Logo 软件包启动交互窗口benben-1520:~/work$sudo apt-get install ucblogobenben-1520:~/work$logoWelcome to Berkeley Logo version 5.5 ?print exp 12.71828182845905 ?load mn_eck.logo?byeThank you for using Logo. Have a nice day. benben-1520:~/work$运行结果如下所示